(English) The discount rate is the interest rate used to bring future cash flows to their present value.

(English) The time value of money is a fundamental financial concept that reflects the value of time in the context of monetary funds.

(English) In today's world, investing has become an integral part of many people's lives, transforming into an essential aspect of financial literacy. Regardless of age, profession, or income level, anyone can multiply their capital by investing in promising assets.

(English) Inflation is the general and sustained increase in the overall price level of goods and services in the economy over a certain period of time, leading to a decrease in the purchasing power of money.

(English) In the field of macroeconomics, several key indicators serve as barometers for assessing the economic health and performance of a nation. Among them, the most important metrics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Gross National Income (GNI), Human Development Index (HDI), per capita measurements, and so on. This article explores their definitions, applications, differences, and their relation to per capita measurements.

国际商品编号（International Article Number，亦称欧洲商品编码EAN）是一种描述条码符号体系及编号系统的国际标准，用于全球贸易中识别特定制造商、特定包装配置下的零售商品类型。