(English) Currency exchange rate and cross currency rate are terms from the field of finance and currency market used to describe the price of one currency in relation to another.

(English) The discount rate is the interest rate used to bring future cash flows to their present value.

(English) The time value of money is a fundamental financial concept that reflects the value of time in the context of monetary funds.

(English) In today's world, investing has become an integral part of many people's lives, transforming into an essential aspect of financial literacy. Regardless of age, profession, or income level, anyone can multiply their capital by investing in promising assets.

(English) Inflation is the general and sustained increase in the overall price level of goods and services in the economy over a certain period of time, leading to a decrease in the purchasing power of money.

(English) In the field of macroeconomics, several key indicators serve as barometers for assessing the economic health and performance of a nation. Among them, the most important metrics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), Gross National Income (GNI), Human Development Index (HDI), per capita measurements, and so on. This article explores their definitions, applications, differences, and their relation to per capita measurements.